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The Burmese Way to Socialism ((ビルマ語:မြန်မာ့နည်းမြန်မာ့ဟန် ဆိုရှယ်လစ်စနစ်); also known as the ''Burmese Road to Socialism'') refers to the ideology of the Socialist government in Burma, from 1962 to 1988, when the 1962 ''coup d'état'' was led by Ne Win and the military to remove U Nu from power. More specifically, the ''Burmese Way to Socialism'' is an economic treatise written in April 1962 by the Revolutionary Council, shortly after the coup, as a blueprint for economic development, reducing foreign influence in Burma, and increasing the role of the military. The Burmese Way to Socialism has largely been described by scholars as being xenophobic, superstitious and an "abject failure," turning one of the most prosperous countries in Asia into one of the world's poorest. However, it may have served to increase domestic stability and keep Burma from being as entangled in the Cold War struggles that affected other Southeast Asian nations.〔 The Burmese Way to Socialism, by far, greatly increased poverty, isolation,〔(Economic Development in Myanmar By Myat Thein pgs 4, 57-60 )〕〔(The Burmese Economy and the Withdrawal of European Trade Preferences, pgs 5-6 )〕 and is described as "disastrous".〔(Economic Development of Burma: A Vision and a Strategy By Khin Maung Kyi, pg 2 )〕 Ne Win's later attempt to make the currency based in denominations divisible by 9, a number he considered auspicious, wiped out the savings of millions of Burmese. This resulted in the pro-democracy 8888 Uprising which was violently halted by the military, which established the State Law and Order Restoration Council in 1988. The Socialist coup led by Ne Win and the Revolutionary Council (RC) in 1962 was done under the pretext of economic, religious and political crises in the country, particularly the issue of federalism and the right of Burmese states to secede from the Union. ==Background== Under U Nu and the AFPFL-led coalition government, Burma had implemented socialist economic and welfare policies, which yielded slow economic growth throughout the 1950s.〔 On 28 October 1958, Ne Win had staged a coup, under the auspices of U Nu, who asked Ne Win to serve as interim prime minister, to restore order in the country, after the AFPFL split into two factions and U Nu barely survived a motion of no-confidence against his government in parliament. Ne Win restored order during the period known as the ''Ne Win caretaker government''. Elections were held in February 1960 and Ne Win handed back power to the victorious U Nu on 4 April 1960. By 1958, Burma was largely beginning to recover economically, but was beginning to fall apart politically due to a split in the AFPFL into two factions, one led by Thakins Nu and Tin, the other by Ba Swe and Kyaw Nyein. And this despite the unexpected success of U Nu's 'Arms for Democracy' offer taken up by U Seinda in the Arakan, the Pa-O, some Mon and Shan groups, but more significantly by the PVO surrendering their arms.〔 The situation became very unstable in the Union Parliament, with U Nu surviving a no-confidence vote only with the support of the opposition National United Front (NUF), believed to have 'crypto-communists' amongst them.〔 Army hardliners now saw the 'threat' of the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) coming to an agreement with U Nu through the NUF, and in the end U Nu 'invited' Army Chief of Staff General Ne Win to take over the country.〔 Over 400 'communist sympathisers' were arrested, of which 153 were deported to the Coco Island in the Andaman Sea. Among them was the NUF leader Aung Than, older brother of Aung San. Newspapers like ''Botahtaung'', ''Kyemon'' and ''Rangoon Daily'' were also closed down.〔 Ne Win's caretaker government successfully established the situation and paved the way for new general elections in 1960 that returned U Nu's Union Party with a large majority.〔 The situation did not remain stable for long, when the Shan Federal Movement, started by Nyaung Shwe Saopha Sao Shwe Thaik (the first President of independent Burma 1948-52) and aspiring to a 'loose' federation, was seen as a separatist movement insisting on the government honouring the right to secession in 10 years provided for by the 1947 Constitution. Ne Win had already succeeded in stripping the Shan Saophas of their feudal powers in exchange for comfortable pensions for life in 1959. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Burmese Way to Socialism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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